UNIT-II:-
CHAPTER 1:- Skeletal system
- Divisions of skeletal system, types of bone, salient features and functions
of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system - Organization of skeletal muscle, physiology of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular junction
CHAPTER 2 :- Joints
- Structural and functional classification, types of joints movements and its articulation
REVESION HIGHLIGHTS:-
1. Skeleton protects internal organs, provides shape to the body, provides surface for the attachment of muscles helps in locomotion and movement of body parts.
2. It has two parts (i) Axial skeleton which consists of skull, vertebral column and rib cage, and (ii) Appendicular skeleton which consists of pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
3. The skeleton muscles consist of myofibrils which contain myosin filaments.
4. Each myosin filament is partitioned into actin and myosin filaments. Both interact to contract and relax a muscle during muscle contraction.
5. The human skeleton consists of a total of 206 bones distributed as follows:
AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL:-
CRANIUM - 8
Face - 14
Ear ossicles - 6
Hyoid bone - 1
Total - 29
Vertebral column - 26
Sternum - 1
Ribs - 24
Total - 51
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Pectoral gridle - 4
Bones of arms - 60
Pelvic girdle - 2
Bones of legs - 60
Total - 126
Grand total = 29 +51 + 126 = 206
6. Different types of joints and muscles work in co-ordination to bring about various movements. Those muscles which work in opposing manner to one another such as lowering and raising of arms and lower jaw, etc. are called
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REVIEW QUESTIONS:-
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:-
1. One of the following is not a function of the skeleton:
(a) Breathing
(b) Hearing
(c) Excretion
(d) Blood formation
2. One of the following functions is carried out by the skeletal elements :
(a) Production of urine
(b) Production of voice
(c) Production of gametes
(d) Production of vitamin-D
3. Human skeleton is made of a total of :
(a) 201 bones
(b) 206 bones.
(c) 198 bones
(d) 105 bones
4. Total number of cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae comes to :
(a) 24
(b) 33
(c) 37
(d) 27
5. The lower jaw or mandible is made of :
(a) One bone
(b) Two bones
(c) Three bones
(d) Cartilage
6. Ilium, Ischium and Pubis bones combine to form :
(a) Shoulder
(b) Tail bones
(c) Chest cage
(d) Innominate bones
7. Sutures between the bones of the skull are example of :
(a) Synovial joint
(b) Fibrous joint
(c) Slightly movable joint
(d) Cartilagenous joint
8. Synovial fluid is present between :
(a) Femur and pelvis
(b) Vertebrae
(c) Bones of cranium
(d) None of the three
9. Axial skeleton consists of:
(a) 40 bones
(b) 80 bones
(c) 100 bones
(d) 126 bones
10. Joints between the carpals and metacarpals of the thumb is an example of :
(a) Gliding joint
(b) Pivot joint
(c) Ball and socket joint
(d) Saddle joint
11. The muscle which rotates the arm and the palm upwards is called:
(a) Supinator
(b) Pronator
(c) Flexor
(d) Rotator
12. Accumulation of uric acid in the synovial joints causes a disease called:-
(a) Bursitis
(b) Gout
(c) Osteoprosis
(d) Osteomalacia
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✓ FILL IN THE BLANKS:-
1. The skull bones are joined at the sutures with the help of tissue______
2. The _______ muscle rotates the arm to turn the palm downwards________
3. Anterior face of axis vertebra is attached to the________ vertebra while posterior face is attached to _______ vertebra.
4. In a vertebra the spinal cord passes through a passage called_________
5. A ligament joins bone with the bone while a tendon joins______ with the_______.
6. Out of a total of 12 pairs or ribs _______ pairs are called true ribs.
7. Insufficient amount of calcium and phosphorus in the bones is a cause of disease called__________.
8. Obturator foramen is present in_______ while foramen magnum is located in_______.
9. Interosseous space is present in between the bones of________.
10. Palm is made of 5 metacarpals and_______.
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✓ SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Enlist the functions of the skeleton.
2. Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate the ball socket joint with diagram.
3. Write the characteristic features of a synovial joint.
4. Write the total number of various vertebrae in the vertebral column and draw a diagram of a typical vertebra.
5. With the help of suitable examples differentiate between long, short and irregular bones in the human skeleton.
6. Explain the structure of a long bone.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:-
1. Name the various types of joints in the skeleton and describe any one of them in detail with suitable diagrams.
2. Describe the arrangement of bones in the pectoral girdle and upper limb and mention the various types of joints present in them.
3. Describe the bones of skull.
4. Describe the skeletal details of the vertebral column and explain the structure of a typical cervical vertebra.
5. What is the difference between fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints ? Give examples in support of your answer
6. Write a brief account of the various disorders of the joints.
7. Define and classify joints and explain the various types of movements of the joints.
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✔ ANSWER TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:-
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a)
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b)
ANSWERS TO FILL IN THE BLANKS:-
1. Fibrous connective tissue
2. Pronator
3. Atlas, 3rd cervical
4. Neural Canal
5. Muscle with bone,
6. Seven pairs,
7. Rickets and osteomalacia
8. Pelvic bone, skull,
9. Lower arm and legs,
10. Eight
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