Semester- 2||Simplified B.pharm (semester-2) Notes:-
Subjects in Semester-II Of B.pharm:-
1. Human Anatomy and Physiology II – Theory
2. Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry I – Theory
3. Biochemistry – Theory
4. Pathophysiology – Theory
5. Computer Applications in Pharmacy – Theory
6. Environmental sciences – Theory
Other Semester Notes:-
Semester II B.pharm notes:-
1. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II :
Human Body contains Eleven Organ systems in it. Each organ system is in harmony with other system to maintain Homeostasis in the body. So understanding each and every organ system is important to figure out the problem aka Disease or Disorder. This understanding helps to design the drugs in a such way to target the problems. As a continuation of Human Anatomy & Physiology-I in the 1st semester of B.pharm, this HAP-II is introduced in 2nd semester of B.pharm to clarify the remaining organ systems.
These 2 courses are designed in such way to help students understand all the organs systems Structural description and their functions to correlate easily with the medicines they will be studying in upcoming courses.
Study Tips:- First start with Human Anatomy Physiology-1 course revision. It will give a basic idea about already finished organ systems from 1st semester. Stick the Human body anatomy posters in the walls or books to revise everyday. Watch animation videos in YouTube to understand and remember easily.
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2. Organic Chemistry-II:-
Everything in this world is made up of atoms which are combined together by different bonds among them like hydrogen bond, covalent bond, wander Wal force etc. Atoms together forms a molecule. If the molecules are formed as a result of carbon-hydrogen bonding then they are said to be Organic compounds. Inorganic compounds won't have any carbon-hydrogen bonds in it.
Examples for Organic compounds- Sugars. Lipids. Amino acids etc
Examples for Inorganic compounds- Water, Carbon dioxide, sodium chloride etc.
Pharmacy counsel of India (PCI) designed the syllabus of B.pharm in such a way that students will be studying Organic chemistry after finishing Inorganic chemistry in the 1st semester of B.Pharm to understand the importance they both play in new molecular design, drug design etc.
According to PCI, " Pharmaceutical Organic chemistry-I deals with classification and nomenclature of simple organic compounds, structural isomerism, intermediates forming in reactions, important physical properties, reactions and methods of preparation of these compounds. The syllabus also emphasizes on mechanisms and orientation of reactions".
Study Tips:- Don't byheart chemistry, practice chemistry. Best way to score more in this subject would be looking at the structures everyday. Practice the structures, write it down on a paper and look at it every morning.
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3. BIOCHEMISTRY:
Human body is made up of millions of cells, so speaking of a single cell in the body it got it's own mechanism, process to continue it's role in the body. Whatever food or medicine we are taking will reach all or targeted cells (in case of medicine) in the body. Now to utilize these food or medicine, these cells will follow different mechanisms and that mechanisms and the intermediate biomolecules formed will be studied clearly under the subject called as Biochemistry.
Biochemistry deals with the chemical processes involved in the biomolecules present inside the body.
According to PCI, "Biochemistry deals with complete understanding of the molecular levels of the chemical process associated with living cells. The scope of the subject is providing biochemical facts and the principles to understand metabolism of nutrient molecules in physiological and pathological conditions. It is also emphasizing on genetic organization of mammalian genome and hetero & autocatalytic functions of DNA".
Study Tips:- Biochemistry got lot of biochemical cycles in it. Each and every product, intermediates and energy produced in that cycles matters. So understanding the process completely and practicing will help you to remember these concepts for long period of time. Don't byheart, Try to understand the small chemical changes happening in the reactants due to the presence of respective enzymes. Practicing and sticking those cycles in the walls for daily revision will help lot to achieve success in this subject.
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4. PATHOPSYSIOLOGY:
Pathophysiology is all about diseases pathology. With the basic knowledge of Human Anatomy & Physiology from semester 1-student will be able to understand the problems in the human body which might leads to deceases and disorders. Pathophysiology connects the pathology of any disease with the physiology of a body. It makes students understand at what stages the actual diseases arises.
Obviously every disease or disorder got it's own causes and pathology, with the help of pathophysiology subject students will be able to figure out in what places these diseases can be treated. Most of the pharmacological classification of drugs are done based on the their causes and pathophysiology.
According to PCI, " Pathophysiology is the study of causes of diseases and reactions of the body to such disease producing causes. This course is designed to impart a thorough knowledge of the relevant aspects of pathology of various conditions with reference to its pharmacological applications, and understanding of basic pathophysiological mechanisms. Hence it will not only help to study the syllabus of pathology, but also to get baseline knowledge required to practice medicine safely, confidently, rationally and effectively".
Study Tips:- Since pathophysiology is more about causes of diseases and the mechanisms involved, it will be interesting is you start studying it by comparing the cases existing. Consider examples for every disease. Think logically and understand the mechanisms.
For example, first understand our actual body mechanism to maintain homeostasis than see where the problem came in that process and how it leads to different diseases. Study logically and don't byheart.
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5. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Environmental Science is a multidisciplinary course which utilizes physical and chemical science knowledge to understand and make the environment better for future. This subject knowledge is not just only for marks. They included this subject in the syllabus to create the awareness about the importance of the environment and it actual role in human life.
According to PCI, "Environmental Sciences is the scientific study of the environmental system and the status of its inherent or induced changes on organisms. It includes not only the study of physical and biological characters of the environment but also the social and cultural factors and the impact of man on environment".
Study Tips:- Don't byheart it for marks sake. Understand the importance of environment in our daily life and just give a thought about how to improvise the environment for better future.
6.COMPUTER APPLICATION:
Computer plays a crucial role in all the fields in this generation. Don't think the use of computer in Pharmacy is limited. Every year Pharmaceutical computer software saves million of dollars of money and crucial time for many companies in the field of new drug molecular designs. Computer Applications in 2nd semester gives basic hints on computer softwares, working mechanisms which is not at all gonna help us in anything. So don't worry much about the knowledge you gaining from this subject, Just clear it with good marks by using the following notes.
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UNIT 4 & 5 WILL BE UPDATED ASAP!!
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