UNIT- IV:-
CHAPTER 7:- PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Classification of peripheral nervous system: Structure and functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
- Origin and functions of spinal and cranial nerves.
CHAPTER 7 :- SPECIAL SENSES
Structure and functions of eye, ear, nose and tongue and their disorders.
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DEFINITIONS TO REMEMBER
MENINGES : The membranes of the brain.
PIAMATER : The innermost membrane of the brain which is most delicate and vascular.
DURAMATER : The outermost tough layer of the brain consisting of fibrous tissue.
ARACHNOIDMATER : A spider-web like membrane of the brain consisting of fibrous tissue.
SUBARACHNOID SPACE : A space in between arachnoidmater and piamater.
SUB-DURAL SPACE : A space inbetween arachnoidmater and duramater.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID : A fluid in the spaces in brain and spinal cord that acts as a cushion or a shock absorber.
CEREBRAL CORTEX : Layered arrangement of nervous tissue of the cerebrum.
GREY MATTER : Grey-coloured nervous tissue of the brain due to lack of myelin-covering over the cells.
WHITE MATTER : White coloured nervous tissues of the brain due to the presence of myelinated nerve fibre.
SULCI : Downward folds of cortex (singular-sulcus).
ARBOR VITAE : Tree-like branching of grey and white matters in cerebellum.
BRAIN STEM : A part of the brain consisting of medulla oblongata, pons varolii and mid brain.
VENTRICLES OF BRAIN : Spaces in various parts of the brain. It has a total of four ventricles.
REFLEX ARC : Neural pathway of autonomic nervous system for involuntary response to stimulus that involves a receptor (eg. skin), sensory neutron, brain or spinal cord, a motor neuron and effector organ (eg., muscle).
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REVISION HIGHLIGHTS:-
1. A nerve cell or a neuron is a basic unit of nervous system.
2. Human nervous system consists of -
(i) Central nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord.
(ii) Sympathetic nervous system consisting of a chain of ganglia alongside the back bone.
(iii) Parasympathetic nervous system consisting of ganglia which do not form chains and are hidden in the substance of the spinal cord.
3. Sympathetic and parasympathetic collectively form the autonomic nervous system.
4. The cranial nerves originating from the brain and the spinal nerves originating from the spinal cord form the peripheral nervous system.
5. An autonomic response of the body to a stimulus is called reflex action which is not under the will of an individual.
6. The brain is lodged in the cranium (skull). It consists of Fore brain consisting of a pair of olfactory lobes, cerberal hemispheres (cerebrum), thalamus, hypothalamus and optic chiasma. It is a seat of motor responses, visceral activities, behaviour, endocrine responses, hunger and sex etc.
7. The midbrain includes corpora quadrigemina and crura cerebri. It functions in the co-ordination and relay of visual and auditory information.
8. Hind brain has cerebellum, pons varolii and medulla oblongata. It contains reflex centers for vital functions and muscle contraction.
9. The ventricles of brain are the four cavities which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
10. The propagation or transmission of action potential along the nerve fibre is called a nerve impulse.
11. Nerve cells communicate with one another, and with glands and muscles at synapses. In electrical synapse, the action potential passes through gap junctions between two cells directly due to flow of ions from one cell to the other. In chemical synapse, action potential is transmitted through the synaptic cleft (gap of about 20-50 mm) by a chemical neurotrasmitter (e.g., acetylcholine, catecholamines).
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Subdural space in the brain is present in between:
(a) Piamater and duramater
(b) Duramater and arachnoidmater
(c) Arachnoidmater and piamater
(d) Inbetween cerebral hemispheres.
2. Rhombencephalon is the name of :
(a) Fore brain
(b) Medulla oblongata
(c) Mid brain
(d) Hind brain.
3. The second largest part of human brain is:
(a) Cerebellum
(b) Cerebrum
(c) Medulla
(d) Diencephalon.
4. One of the following nerves does not go to eyes :
(a) Oculomotor
(b) Ophthalmic
(c) Abducens
(d) Facial
5. In a reflex are the connector neuron (interneuron) is present in the :
(a) Spinal cord
(b) Effector
(c) Receptor
(d) White matter of spinal cord.
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✓ FILL IN THE BLANKS:-
1. The regulation of heart beat and blood pressure are under the control of_________.
2. Foramen of monro is a passage in the brain which connects the lateral ventricles with the _________ventricle.
3. Chain of ganglia is formed by the ganglia of. nervous system_________.
4. Optic chiasma is formed by the crossing-over of the _________ nerves.
5. A reflex involving the sensory neuron, brain called _________ reflex arc.
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SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Name the types of nervous systems in the human body and explain the presence and function of CSF.
2. Draw a diagram to illustrate the order of arrangement of meninges.
3. Draw a well labelled diagram of spinal reflex arc.
4. Write a note on the functions of medulla oblongata and thalamus.
5. Reproduce a list of cranial nerves in human body and write the function of any two of them.
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LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:-
1. Describe the structure of brain as seen from the lateral side.
2 Draw a well labelled diagram of the human brain as seen from lateral side and give the functions of each part.
3. Explain the structure and working of a reflex action (reflex arc). Give two examples.
4. Describe the structure and functions of spinal cord.
5. Write notes on
(i) Sympathetic nervous system
(ii) Thalamus and hypothalamus
(iii)Meningitis and poliomyelitis
(iv) Parasympathetic nervous system
(v) Functions of cerebrum and cerebellum
(vi) Reflex action
6. Describe the structure and functions of cerebrum. Draw suitable diagrams.
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✓ ANSWER TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (a)
ANSWERS TO FILL IN THE BLANKS:-
1. Medulla oblongata,
2. Third,
3. Sympathetic,
4. Optic,
5. Cerebral.
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